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- <text id=93TT1488>
- <title>
- Apr. 19, 1993: The Waterworks Flu
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1993
- Apr. 19, 1993 Los Angeles
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- POLLUTION, Page 41
- The Waterworks Flu
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>A tiny parasite gets the blame for making thousands of
- Milwaukeeans miserable
- </p>
- <p>By J. MADELEINE NASH/CHICAGO--With reporting by Hannah Bloch/
- New York and Georgia Pabst/Milwaukee
- </p>
- <p> Only the microbiologists were happy last week as
- Milwaukee turned into a huge, spontaneous laboratory for
- learning more than anyone wanted to know about what a parasite
- can do to an unsuspecting population. Or if they were not
- exactly happy, then at least very busy, trying to explain how
- something so tiny could cause troubles so huge. DON'T DRINK THE
- WATER, shouted the city's headlines, as thousands of area
- residents, including the mayor's wife and infant son, contracted
- a flulike illness that has emptied drugstores of antidiarrhea
- medications and sent hundreds to hospital emergency rooms. One
- businessman actually brought water back from Chicago, some 90
- miles away. Schools shut off drinking fountains; the Culligan
- man showed up outside a local TV station to distribute distilled
- water; and a line formed outside the old Pryor Avenue Iron well,
- one of the city's few sources of artesian water.
- </p>
- <p> The culprit, test results show, is a tiny parasite with a
- big name: cryptosporidium. The oocysts (parasite versions of
- eggs) of this pesky protozoan can be removed only through
- filtration. Unlike bacteria, they are not readily killed by
- chlorine. Furthermore, the tests that water-purification plants
- routinely rely on to detect biological contaminants do not pick
- up the presence of cryptosporidium. What makes the parasite
- especially nasty, explains microbiologist Dean Cliver of the
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, is that the oocysts do not
- hatch in water--in this case Lake Michigan water--but remain
- dormant until they are swallowed by some thirsty creature.
- </p>
- <p> Next, digestive juices dissolve the thick wall of the
- oocysts, triggering a growth cycle that ends in a reproductive
- orgy. Tiny protozoans attach themselves to intestinal walls and
- begin to mature. While there, scientists speculate, they
- probably exude some irritating toxin--just the thing to cause
- the host organism to expel the oocysts produced by the adult
- organisms through diarrhea and vomiting. "A sick person will
- produce 100 million oocysts a day," marvels Cliver.
- </p>
- <p> Milwaukee's waterworks flu is not the first outbreak of
- cryptosporidiosis in this country, nor is it likely to be the
- last. Indeed, Walter Jakubowski, a parasitology expert for the
- Environmental Protection Agency, believes that most surface
- water is now contaminated with the parasite. "It's so
- widespread," he observes, "that you just can't keep it out." In
- 1984 the Atlanta-based Centers for Disease Control investigated
- several outbreaks in day-care centers in five states. In 1987
- an outbreak in Carrollton, Georgia, made 13,000 people
- absolutely miserable. Two Oregon towns, Medford and Talent,
- experienced an outbreak last year. In all, 21 million Americans
- who drink unfiltered water from lakes and rivers may be at risk.
- </p>
- <p> For healthy adults, the symptoms are usually mild enough
- to go unnoticed. But for others--notably, infants, AIDS
- patients and the elderly--cryptosporidiosis can be serious,
- sometimes life threatening. "The wasting syndrome we see in so
- many AIDS patients," observes Dr. John Flaherty, an
- infectious-disease expert at the University of Chicago, "is most
- commonly due to cryptosporidiosis."
- </p>
- <p> This disease, a particularly stubborn problem in
- developing countries, is usually associated with poor
- sanitation. But just how Milwaukee's municipal water supply
- could have become contaminated remains a puzzle. One possibility
- is that contaminated runoff from a farm or slaughterhouse could
- have traveled down the Milwaukee River and into Lake Michigan.
- One of the city's lake-water intake pipes is located about three
- miles away from the river's mouth. Possibly contributing to the
- problem, experts suspect, was a change in filtration practices
- at the Howard Avenue treatment plant, now closed down as a
- precaution. To reduce corrosiveness, which leaches lead from
- household pipes, the plant had temporarily switched the chemical
- compound it uses to clean the water. But the new compound was
- less efficient than the old one and allowed more sediment--and
- quite possibly parasites--to enter the system.
- </p>
- <p> While the experts try to pinpoint the causes, the city's
- residents are coping as best they can. "I never have any stomach
- problems," says Milwaukee resident Miriam Moller, sounding a bit
- sheepish, "even when I go to Mexico." After ignoring warnings
- to boil her tap water, Moller finally had to join the scores of
- other Milwaukeeans making that mildly embarrassing trip to the
- drugstore to stock up on toilet paper and tummy-soothing
- medicines.
- </p>
- <p> Milwaukee's close encounter with cryptosporidium has
- something of a silver lining. Stores did a brisk business in
- pharmaceuticals and bottled water. Sales of soft drinks soared.
- And through it all, Milwaukee's small army of tavern goers could
- feel somewhat smug about drowning their sorrows in pitchers of
- beer. Heat produced by the brewing process destroys any
- parasites present in the water, making the brew that made
- Milwaukee famous perfectly safe to drink.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
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